The transistor is probably the most important invention in electronic engineering and the basis for nearly all integrated circuits (ICs). The transistor is a three-terminal electronic device that can ...

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Ever since the development of the first working transistors in 1947, the electronics industry has experienced tremendous growth in numerous ways. For instance, transistors allowed for the ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward” but ...

From a simple electronic toothbrush to complicated robotics systems, DC motors are present everywhere. In most of our previous Arduino projects, we have used these DC motors as actuators and ...

Abstract: A simple process for the fabrication of all-diffused germanium NPN mesa transistors is described. The starting material is an N-type wafer with a P-type diffused skin. A key feature of the ...

Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are cornerstone components in the complex landscape of electronic circuits, conducting the operation of amplification and signal processing. A comprehensive grasp ...

Based on the knowledge developed in the previous tutorials, we now start the study of this important electronic component. We have thus created a PNP transistor. Figure 1: A PNP transistor. The size ...