Artificial intelligence appears weightless — just code in the cloud, thinking at the speed of light. Yet behind that digital mist lies a heavy, physical world built from metal, electricity and heat.

Traditionally, the term “ braindump ” referred to someone taking an exam, memorizing the questions, and sharing them online for others to use. That practice is unethical and violates certification ...

For the hardware, not only all-purpose expanded circuits of the single-chip micro-processor but also input circuit and safe ...