Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a cornerstone of computational biology, facilitating the exploration of functional, structural and evolutionary relationships among biological sequences.

This article introduces the field of bioinformatics and its importance as a cornerstone of biological research, as well as ...

In bioinformatics, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is an NP-hard problem. Nature-inspired approaches can provide an approximate solution compared to conventional approaches. In this article, the MSA ...