Introduction: The ability to solve complex mathematical problems has become a key indicator of students' mathematical literacy and innovative capacity. Methods: Based on the TIMSS 2023 data and ...

Game theory isn’t just abstract math — it’s a window into how people negotiate, compete, and betray. The famous Prisoner’s Dilemma shows why rational choices often lead to worse outcomes for everyone ...

Abstract: Mathematical problem solving remains a significant challenge for large language models (LLMs) due to the inherent complexity of mathematical reasoning and the precision required in ...

Abstract: This paper addresses the challenge of optimizing distribution networks under the increasing integration of distributed energy resources and the inherent nonconvexity of AC power flow ...