The controversies which, in the past, have A characterized the experimental literature on the nature of renal function have resulted in large part from lack of information concerning the composition ...

Scientists think urine from snakes and lizards could help them find new ways to prevent painful kidney stones and gout in ...

In recent decades, the emphasis of biomarker research has centered around blood-based markers. However, blood biomarkers alone cannot capture the full spectrum of clinically relevant indicators.

Chelsea Wald is a freelance reporter in The Hague, the Netherlands, and the author of Pipe Dreams: The Urgent Global Quest to Transform the Toilet. On Gotland, the largest island in Sweden, fresh ...

The pH scale is used to measure the acidity of a fluid. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, whereas a pH result below 7 is acidic and above 7 is alkaline. Urine has the widest ...