Classifying a variable as a particular type of data is important when considering how to present the data. Data can be presented in a number of ways, which depends on the type of variable and the uses ...

This paper develops a method to efficiently estimate hidden Markov models with continuous latent variables using maximum likelihood estimation. To evaluate the (marginal) likelihood function, I ...

Correspondence to Dr Zachary Orion Binney, Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University Oxford College, Oxford, Georgia, USA; zbinney{at}emory.edu Continuous data appear everywhere in sports ...

The benchmark tests show that the noise-free realization of QA can significantly outperform state-of-the-art classical algorithms. Quantum annealing (QA) is a cutting-edge algorithm that leverages the ...

Process development of novel transformations is often a laborious and complex task. This is mostly due to the difficulties in identifying the underlying chemical and physical parameters that affect ...